Journal: Molecular Metabolism

Article Title: Endothelial BBSome is essential for vascular, metabolic, and retinal functions

doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of endothelial-specific Bbs1 gene knockout mice. (A) Evidence of endothelial-specific Cre recombinase (presence of red fluorescent tdTomato) in the aorta of Stop fl/fl -tdTomato/Tie2 Cre reporter mice (Stop fl/fl -tdTomato/Tie2 Cre+ ), but not controls (Stop fl/fl -tdTomato/Tie2 Cre− ). (B) Co-localization of tdTomato with the endothelial marker CD31 in Stop fl/fl -tdTomato/Tie2 Cre + mice. (C) Reduction in Bbs1 mRNA levels in magnetically sorted endothelial cells of Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre + mice relative to littermate controls (Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre− ). ∗P < 0.05 by unpaired t-test. Scale bar: 100 μm. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Cell suspension was subjected to cell sorting using the neonatal cardiac endothelial cell isolation kit (130-104-183, Miltenyi Biotec) and autoMACS Magnetic Cell Separator of Miltenyi according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Gene Knockout, Marker

Journal: Molecular Metabolism

Article Title: Endothelial BBSome is essential for vascular, metabolic, and retinal functions

doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Vascular effects of endothelial-specific Bbs1 gene deletion. Relaxation responses induced by acetylcholine (ACh; A–D) and contractile responses evoked by KCl (E–H), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; I and J), and thromboxane A2 receptor agonist (U46619, K and L) in aortic and mesenteric arterial rings of male and female Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre + mice and controls (Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre− ) fed normal chow. Male: n = 9/group, female: n = 6/group. ∗P < 0.05 by two-way ANOVA with repeated measure (A–D and I–L) or unpaired t-test (E–H).

Article Snippet: Cell suspension was subjected to cell sorting using the neonatal cardiac endothelial cell isolation kit (130-104-183, Miltenyi Biotec) and autoMACS Magnetic Cell Separator of Miltenyi according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecular Metabolism

Article Title: Endothelial BBSome is essential for vascular, metabolic, and retinal functions

doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Molecular effects of endothelial-specific Bbs1 gene deletion in the vasculature. (A) Representative Western blot images and quantification data of phosphorylated (Ser1177) and total endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in aortic and mesenteric artery lysates isolated from Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre + mice and controls (Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre− ). β-actin was used as loading control. (B) Representative confocal images of dihydroethidium staining in aorta of control and Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre + mice. (C–D) Angiotensinogen mRNA expression in aorta and mesenteric artery of female (C) and male (D) control and Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre + mice. ∗P < 0.05 by Student's t-test. Scale bar: 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Cell suspension was subjected to cell sorting using the neonatal cardiac endothelial cell isolation kit (130-104-183, Miltenyi Biotec) and autoMACS Magnetic Cell Separator of Miltenyi according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Western Blot, Isolation, Control, Staining, Expressing

Journal: Molecular Metabolism

Article Title: Endothelial BBSome is essential for vascular, metabolic, and retinal functions

doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Body weight effect of endothelial-specific Bbs1 gene deletion. (A–D) Body weight (male: Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre− : n = 10 and Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre+ : n = 11, A; and female: Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre− : n = 12 and Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre+ : n = 17, C) and body composition (B and D) of mice fed normal chow (NC). (E–H) Body weight (male: n = 8/group, E; and female: Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre− : n = 11 and Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre+ : n = 9, G) and body composition (F and H) of mice fed high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) diet. ∗P < 0.05 by two-way ANOVA with repeated measure (body weight) or unpaired t-test (body composition).

Article Snippet: Cell suspension was subjected to cell sorting using the neonatal cardiac endothelial cell isolation kit (130-104-183, Miltenyi Biotec) and autoMACS Magnetic Cell Separator of Miltenyi according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecular Metabolism

Article Title: Endothelial BBSome is essential for vascular, metabolic, and retinal functions

doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Vascular effects of endothelial-specific Bbs1 gene deletion under high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) diet condition. Relaxation responses induced by acetylcholine (ACh; A–D) and contractile responses evoked by KCl (E–H), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; I and J), and thromboxane A2 receptor agonist (U46619; K and L) in aortic and mesenteric arterial rings of male and female Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre + mice and controls (Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre− ) fed HFHS diet. Male: n = 9/group, female: n = 6/group. ∗P < 0.05 by two-way ANOVA with repeated measure (A–D and I–L) or unpaired t-test (E–H).

Article Snippet: Cell suspension was subjected to cell sorting using the neonatal cardiac endothelial cell isolation kit (130-104-183, Miltenyi Biotec) and autoMACS Magnetic Cell Separator of Miltenyi according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecular Metabolism

Article Title: Endothelial BBSome is essential for vascular, metabolic, and retinal functions

doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hepatic effects of endothelial-specific Bbs1 gene deletion. (A–C) Representative images of hepatic Oil Red O staining in Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre + mice and controls (Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre− ) fed normal chow (NC; A) or high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS; B) diet and quantitative data (C). The ratio is calculated as the area of pixels that are Oil Red O + relative to total area. (D–E) Expression of genes encoding lipid transport proteins in liver of males (D, n = 6/group) and females (E, n = 3 for controls and n = 5 for Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre + mice). (F) Two-way heatmap depicting the GC–MS data. (G–J) Comparison of select metabolites by GC–MS (G and H) and carnitine by LC-MS (I and J) (n = 4–5). ∗P < 0.01 by unpaired t-test. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Cell suspension was subjected to cell sorting using the neonatal cardiac endothelial cell isolation kit (130-104-183, Miltenyi Biotec) and autoMACS Magnetic Cell Separator of Miltenyi according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Staining, Expressing, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Comparison, Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy

Journal: Molecular Metabolism

Article Title: Endothelial BBSome is essential for vascular, metabolic, and retinal functions

doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Retinal effects of endothelial-specific Bbs1 gene deletion. Amplitude (A–D) and latency (E–H) of a- and b-waves and flicker amplitude for 5 Hz and 30 Hz stimulation (I–J) by electroretinogram in males (n = 5 for controls (Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre− ), n = 4 for Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre + mice) and females (n = 7 for controls, n = 8 for Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre + mice). (K–L) Thickening of retina by optical coherence tomography in males (n = 8/group) and females (n = 4 for controls, n = 3 for Bbs1 fl/fl /Tie2 Cre + mice). ∗P < 0.05 by two-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: Cell suspension was subjected to cell sorting using the neonatal cardiac endothelial cell isolation kit (130-104-183, Miltenyi Biotec) and autoMACS Magnetic Cell Separator of Miltenyi according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Tomography

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: RetroCHMP3 Blocks Budding of Enveloped Viruses Without Blocking Cytokinesis

doi: 10.1101/2020.08.30.273656

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic of putative regulatory elements upstream of retroCHMP3 ORF in Mus musculus identified by transcription factor binding site prediction tools. Numbers indicate nucleotides relative to retroCHMP3 start codon. LTR – long terminal repeat, MuRRS – murine retrovirus-related sequence, ERV – endogenous retrovirus. (B) RT-PCR detection of retroCHMP3 RNA in mouse cardiac endothelial cells (MCECs) with and without interferon stimulation. RetroCHMP3 bands were excised, cloned, and sequenced to verify a match with the retroCHMP3 sequence. Representative gel from three independent biological repeats. RT – reverse transcriptase. (C) Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) detection of retroCHMP3 (red) and RNAse L (grey, positive control) RNA in mouse cardiac endothelial cells (MCECs) with and without interferon stimulation. The housekeeping gene succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A (SDHA) was used for normalization. Each line represents one independent biological repeat.

Article Snippet: MCEC cells (mouse cardiac endothelial cells, CLU510, sex: unknown) were obtained from Cedarlane.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Sequencing, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Clone Assay, Reverse Transcription, Digital PCR, Positive Control

Journal: Bone research

Article Title: Metformin accelerates bone fracture healing by promoting type H vessel formation through inhibition of YAP1/TAZ expression.

doi: 10.1038/s41413-023-00279-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1 Metformin promotes angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions in vitro. Representative images (a) of the transwell migration assay with quantification of crystal violet-stained migrated HMECs (b) treated with metformin under different oxygen concentrations (21% and 1% O2). Met: metformin. Scale bar: 100 μm. n = 3 per group. Representative images (c) of tube formation of HMECs on Matrigel with quantification of the total branching points (d), total tube length (e), and total loop numbers (f). Scale bar: 200 μm. n = 3 per group. g CCK-8 analysis of the proliferation of HMECs. n = 4 per group. h qRT‒PCR analysis of the mRNA levels of the HIF-1α target genes Vegfa and Lrg1 in HMECs with or without metformin treatment under different oxygen concentrations. n = 3 per group. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) The concentrations of OCN and VEGFA were determined using the Mouse OCN (Elabscience, E-EL-M0864c, Wuhan, China) or VEGFA (Elabscience, E-EL-M1292c) ELISA kit according to the manufacturers’ instructions.

Techniques: In Vitro, Transwell Migration Assay, Staining, CCK-8 Assay

Journal: Bone research

Article Title: Metformin accelerates bone fracture healing by promoting type H vessel formation through inhibition of YAP1/TAZ expression.

doi: 10.1038/s41413-023-00279-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3 Metformin promotes type H vessel formation in osteoporotic fracture mice. a Representative CD31 and Emcn coimmunostaining images (left) with quantification of the type H vessel ratio in calluses (right) from the osteoporotic mice treated with PBS, Met, PTH, and ALN at 3, 6, and 9 weeks post-fracture. ca: callus. The dotted line represents the boundary of the callus. Met metformin, ALN alendronate, PTH parathyroid hormone. Scale bar: 100 μm. n = 5 per group. b Representative Ki67 and Emcn coimmunostaining images (left) with quantification of the number of Ki67-positive endothelial cells in calluses (right) from the osteoporotic mice treated with PBS, Met, PTH, and ALN at 3, 6, and 9 weeks post-fracture. Scale bar: 100 μm. n = 5 per group. ELISAs for the serum (c) and bone marrow (d) concentrations of VEGFA at 9 weeks post-osteoporotic fracture. n = 8 per group; Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) The concentrations of OCN and VEGFA were determined using the Mouse OCN (Elabscience, E-EL-M0864c, Wuhan, China) or VEGFA (Elabscience, E-EL-M1292c) ELISA kit according to the manufacturers’ instructions.

Techniques:

Journal: Bone research

Article Title: Metformin accelerates bone fracture healing by promoting type H vessel formation through inhibition of YAP1/TAZ expression.

doi: 10.1038/s41413-023-00279-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4 Metformin promotes the expression of HIF-1α by inhibiting the expression of YAP1/TAZ in HMECs under hypoxic conditions. a qRT‒PCR analysis of the inhibitory efficiency of siRNAs targeting HIF-1α. n = 3 per group. b qRT‒PCR analysis of the expression of HIF-1α and its target genes Vegfa and Lrg1 in the si-HIF-1α-transfected HMECs with or without metformin treatment under hypoxic conditions (1% O2). Met: metformin. n = 3 per group. Immunofluorescence staining images and quantification showing the protein levels of HIF-1α (c), YAP1 (d), and TAZ (e) in the HMECs treated with PBS (control) or metformin under hypoxic conditions. Scale bar: 20 μm. n = 9 per group. f qRT‒PCR analysis of the inhibitory efficiency of siRNAs targeting YAP1 or TAZ. n = 3 per group. g Immunofluorescence staining images and quantification showing the protein level of HIF-1α in the hypoxia-cultured HMECs from the si-Con, si-YAP1, si-TAZ, si-Y/T, and si-Y/T + Met groups. Y/T: YAP1 and TAZ. Scale bar: 20 μm. n = 3 per group. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) The concentrations of OCN and VEGFA were determined using the Mouse OCN (Elabscience, E-EL-M0864c, Wuhan, China) or VEGFA (Elabscience, E-EL-M1292c) ELISA kit according to the manufacturers’ instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Transfection, Staining, Control, Cell Culture

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: OBESITY-INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL FENESTRATION AND CAPILLARY LEAKAGE CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED PAIN SENSATION

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.13.711502

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic diagram of skin vasculature illustrates the organization of blood vessels in the skin layers. In the deep dermis, there are large-diameter blood vessels, including arteries and veins. The intermediate dermis contains arterioles and venules that branch from these arteries and veins, forming an intricate network. Lymphatic vessels are also located in the intermediate dermis. In the superficial dermis, capillaries form a highly branched network. (B) A representative maximum projection image from a whole-mount immunohistochemical analysis of mouse ear skin is presented. This analysis uses the pan-endothelial cell (EC) marker PECAM-1 to visualize skin vasculature from the deep to the superficial dermis. Different colors in the image indicate varying depths (Z-depth) within the dermis. Scale bar: 100 μm. (C) Representative whole-mount images of PECAM-1 + vasculature in the superficial, intermediate, and deep dermis of mouse ear skin are shown. Scale bars: 100 μm. (D) Experimental outline for generating diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. Mice were fed either regular diet (10 Kcal % fat) or high-fat diet (60 Kcal % fat) from 6 weeks-of-age to 22 weeks-of-age. (E) Representative whole-mount images of the superficial dermal vasculature in the ear skin of control and DIO mice at 22 weeks-of-age, labeled with antibodies for the vascular smooth muscle cell marker αSMA (green or white), the vascular permeability marker PLVAP (MECA-32, red or white), along with PECAM-1 (blue or white) are presented. Scale bars: 100 μm. (F) Quantification of PLVAP + /PECAM-1 + capillaries in the superficial dermal vasculature from control and DIO mice is shown. The sample size is N = 6 in each group. (G) Representative transmission electron microscopy images of capillary ECs in the superficial dermis from control and DIO mice are presented. The dotted box regions in the left panels are magnified in the right panels. Fenestrae were observed only in DIO capillary ECs (arrowheads). Scale bars: 200 nm. (H) Quantification of endothelial fenestration in control and DIO capillary ECs is provided, showing both the number and percentage of non-fenestrated and fenestrated ECs. The sample sizes are as follows: N = 18 in control, N = 27 in DIO. Results are shown as the mean ± SEM. *p<0.05. P values were determined by the parametric two-tailed t test. The schematic diagrams and graphic summary were partially created with BioRender.com .

Article Snippet: A neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody (clone MECA-32, BioXCell, BE0200) or a rat IgG2a isotype control (BioXCell, BE0089) was diluted to a concentration of 2.11 mg/ml in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution (Millipore Sigma, S8776).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Marker, Control, Labeling, Permeability, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: OBESITY-INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL FENESTRATION AND CAPILLARY LEAKAGE CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED PAIN SENSATION

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.13.711502

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic diagram illustrates capillary ECs in the superficial dermal vasculature with or without a neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody. In DIO capillary ECs, fenestrae form, which facilitates molecular leakage from blood to tissue (left). The anti-PLVAP antibody binds to the PLVAP protein, possibly obstructing the fenestrae and inhibiting molecular leakage (right). (B) Schematic diagram illustrating the administration of the anti-PLVAP antibody into DIO mice from 20 weeks-of-age to 22 weeks-of-age using an osmotic pump. (C) Illustration shows intravital imaging of mouse ear skin, along with representative images of dextran extravasation from superficial capillaries. Lectin (green) labels capillaries, and dextran (40 kDa, red) is visible inside the capillaries immediately after injection (t=0), gradually extravasating thereafter (t=10). Scale bars: 100 μm. (D) Representative time-course images show the extravasation kinetics of dextran (40 kDa) in control skin, DIO skin treated with saline, and DIO skin treated with the neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody. Lectin labels capillaries (green) in the superficial dermis. Time-course rainbow color images show the intensity of dextran. The amount of extravasated dextran is quantified based on the intensity of the dextran signal outside the lectin + capillaries. Scale bars: 100 μm. (E) Changes in dextran (40 kDa) extravasation are shown for control skin (blue), DIO skin treated with saline (red), and DIO skin treated with the neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody (green). (F) Quantitative measurements of dextran (40 kDa) extravasation at the 4-minute mark are shown. The sample sizes are as follows: N = 13 in control, N = 11 in DIO + Saline, N = 9 in DIO + PLVAP ab. Results are shown as the mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01. P values were determined by the parametric two-tailed t test. The schematic diagrams and graphic summary were partially created with BioRender.com .

Article Snippet: A neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody (clone MECA-32, BioXCell, BE0200) or a rat IgG2a isotype control (BioXCell, BE0089) was diluted to a concentration of 2.11 mg/ml in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution (Millipore Sigma, S8776).

Techniques: Imaging, Injection, Control, Saline, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: OBESITY-INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL FENESTRATION AND CAPILLARY LEAKAGE CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED PAIN SENSATION

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.13.711502

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic diagram illustrates the changes in vascular structure and sensory functions in the skin between control and DIO mice. In the skin of DIO mice, capillary ECs become fenestrated, leading to increased vascular permeability. Additionally, DIO mice exhibit enhanced pain behavior and sensory hypersensitivity . (B) Illustration shows the implantation of an osmotic pump in sensory neuron-specific Pirt-GCaMP3 calcium reporter mice. This pump is used to administer saline, the IgG control, or the neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody. The sample sizes are as follows: N = 6 in Pirt-GCaMP3 mice on a control diet (control), N = 8 in Pirt-GCaMP3 mice with DIO receiving saline (DIO + Saline), N = 5 in Pirt-GCaMP3 mice with DIO receiving IgG control (DIO + IgG control), N = 8 in Pirt-GCaMP3 mice with DIO receiving the anti-PLVAP antibody (DIO + PLVAP Ab). (C) Illustrations depict the capsaicin-mediated acute pain behavior assay (left) and ex vivo Ca 2+ imaging of peripheral terminals of nociceptive neurons located in the epidermis of the ear skin (right). (D) Total forelimb wiping responses following capsaicin application are shown for control, DIO + Saline, DIO + IgG control, and DIO + PLVAP Ab. (E) Quantification of Ca 2+ responses within the ear skin of control mice, DIO mice with saline, DIO mice with the IgG, and DIO mice with the neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody is shown. The Ca 2+ transients were normalized by the baseline Ca 2+ transient (ΔF/F 0 ). (F) The integrated Ca 2+ transient (ΔF/F0) was calculated as the area under the curve (AUC). Results are shown as the mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001. P values were determined by the parametric two-tailed t test. The schematic diagrams and graphic summary were partially created with BioRender.com .

Article Snippet: A neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody (clone MECA-32, BioXCell, BE0200) or a rat IgG2a isotype control (BioXCell, BE0089) was diluted to a concentration of 2.11 mg/ml in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution (Millipore Sigma, S8776).

Techniques: Control, Permeability, Saline, Behavioral Assay, Ex Vivo, Imaging, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: OBESITY-INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL FENESTRATION AND CAPILLARY LEAKAGE CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED PAIN SENSATION

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.13.711502

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative section immunohistochemical images of ear skin from control mice, DIO mice treated with saline, and DIO mice treated with the neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody are presented. This assay uses the antibodies for FOXO1 (green), the keratinocyte marker K14 (red), along with the nuclear marker TOPRO3 (blue). Each inset displays the pattern of FOXO1 expression in a single keratinocyte. Dashed lines indicate the boundary between the epidermis and the dermis. “Epi” indicates the epidermis; “D” indicates the dermis. Scale bars: 20 μm. (B) Quantification of nuclear FOXO1 expression in keratinocytes is provided. The percentages of nuclear FOXO1 expression within the total FOXO1 expression in keratinocytes are presented. The sample sizes are as follows: N = 5 in control, N = 5 in DIO + Saline, N = 7 in DIO + PLVAP Ab. (C) Representative X-gal staining images of ear skin from NGF-LacZ control mice, DIO mice with saline, and DIO mice with the neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody (blue) are presented. Dashed lines indicate the boundary between the epidermis and the dermis. Scale bars: 50 μm. (D) Quantification of the LacZ-positive area in the epidermis is provided. The sample sizes are as follows: N = 9 in control, N = 15 in DIO + Saline, N = 9 in DIO + PLVAP Ab. (E) Graphical summary illustrates how vascular hyperpermeability leads to sensory hypersensitivity in DIO skin. Increased permeability in the superficial dermal capillaries facilitates the diffusion of insulin into the epidermis, activating insulin signaling in epidermal keratinocytes. This activation leads to NGF upregulation in these keratinocytes, which in turn promotes sensory hypersensitivity in DIO skin. A neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody reduces the diffusion of insulin, thereby decreasing NGF expression in the epidermal keratinocytes and alleviating sensory hypersensitivity. Results are shown as the mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01. P values were determined by the parametric two-tailed t test. The schematic diagrams and graphic summary were partially created with BioRender.com .

Article Snippet: A neutralizing anti-PLVAP antibody (clone MECA-32, BioXCell, BE0200) or a rat IgG2a isotype control (BioXCell, BE0089) was diluted to a concentration of 2.11 mg/ml in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution (Millipore Sigma, S8776).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Control, Saline, Marker, Expressing, Staining, Permeability, Diffusion-based Assay, Activation Assay, Two Tailed Test